What made Douglass C. North brilliant was in part his unusual ability to see that transactions costs—barriers to exchange, broadly speaking—take many forms and can have major consequences. This vision guided much of North’s scholarship, from his early contributions to New Institutional Economics to his later work on state violence.

Michael C. Munger is Senior Fellow and former co-editor of The Independent Review at the Independent Institute, and Professor of Political Science, Economics and Public Policy and Director of the Philosophy, Politics, and Economics Program at Duke University.
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Other Independent Review articles by Michael C. Munger
Winter 2023/24 The Classical Liberal Diaspora
Fall 2023 Karl Mittermaier: Economic Theory vs. Reality
Fall 2023 The Governance Cycle in Parliamentary Democracies: A Computational Social Science Approach
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