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The Independent Institute
Research Article

Heller, the Second Amendment, and Reconstruction: Protecting All Freedmen or Only Militiamen?
By Stephen P. Halbrook | Posted: Sat. May 1, 2010Also published in Santa Clara Law Review

Stephen P. Halbrook, Ph.D., J.D., is Research Fellow at The Independent Institute and author of the books, The Founders' Second Amendment and Securing Civil Rights, which were cited in the the U.S. Supreme Court cases of District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago as well as his earlier Amici Curiae Brief in Heller on behalf of 55 members of the Senate, the Senate President, and 250 members of the House of Representatives. Dr. Halbrook is also the author of the book, That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Institute).
Full Biography and Recent Publications

FoundersNew from Stephen P. Halbrook!
SECURING CIVIL RIGHTS: Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms
What did it mean to take civil rights seriously—especially the “right to bear arms”—in the years following the abolition of slavery? By quoting legislative debates, Congressional hearings on Ku Klux Klan violence, and newspapers and law books of the time, constitutional scholar Stephen Halbrook shows that both supporters and opponents of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) believed that it protected all Bill of Rights guarantees—especially the Second Amendment—from infringement by the states. Learn More »»